維基百科里面有，用google翻譯了一下，比較亂，湊合看

馬克西米林格曼 （1861年12月10日（法國巴黎） - 1931年5月2日（法國巴黎））是一個法國的農業(yè)工程教授，是誰發(fā)現(xiàn)了“ 林格曼效應 “，即，該組工作時，個人放松。 1]
After graduating from the public schools of Paris, Ringelmann studied at the Institute National Agronomique (National Institute of Agronomy), where he was an outstanding student.從巴黎的公立學校畢業(yè)后，林格曼研究在國家農藝研究所（國家農學研究所），在那里他是一位杰出的學生。 He also attended Hervé Mangon's evening course in rural engineering at the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts).他還出席了埃爾韋Mangon農村工程，晚上在音樂學院民族藝術等Métiers（國立工藝美術學院）課程。 (Charles-Fran?ois Hervé Mangon (1821-1888) had been trained as a civil engineer, but his interest shifted to agriculture, where he studied irrigation, drainage, fertilizers, etc.) [ 2 ] Ringelmann also attended courses at the école Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées (National School of Bridges and Roads), a civil engineering school. （查爾斯-弗朗索瓦·，埃爾韋Mangon（1821年至1888年）已經(jīng)作為一個土木工程師的培訓，但他的興趣轉移到農業(yè)，在那里他研究了灌溉，排水，化肥等） [2]林格曼還出席了在école國營課程蓬等Chaussées（全國橋梁和道路學院），土木工程學院。 He became an agronomic engineer in 1880.于1880年，他成為了農藝工程師。 Starting in 1881, he tutored the course in rural engineering at the école Nationale d'Agriculture (National School of Agriculture) in Grand Jouan, Nozay, France. [ 3 ] By 1883, he was contributing a weekly column to the Journal d'Agriculture Practique (Journal of Practical Agriculture).從1881年開始，他在國立高等，D'農業(yè)（全國農業(yè)學院）輔導農村工程的過程中，法國大儒安，Nozay。 [3]到1883，他貢獻了每周專欄-德農業(yè)practique（實用農業(yè)學報）。
Up to that time, the development of agricultural machinery had been done largely by amateurs.到那個時候，農業(yè)機械的發(fā)展已完成主要由業(yè)余愛好者。 Eugène Tisserand, a director at the Ministry of Agriculture, wanted to apply a scientific approach to the development and evaluation of farm machinery.尤金·蒂塞朗，在農業(yè)部的主任，想申請農業(yè)機械的發(fā)展和評價的科學方法。 He therefore requested that Ringelmann draft plans for a facility for testing agricultural machinery, which after many vicissitudes opened in 1888.因此，他要求測試飽經(jīng)滄桑后開業(yè)于1888年的農業(yè)機械，設施林格曼草案計劃。 The facility was established on Jenner Street in Paris and Ringelmann was named its director. [ 4 ] He adapted industrial instruments where possible, but he also designed and had built instruments such as traction dynamometers, rotational dynamometers, profilographs, etc. He aimed to determine the efficiency of agricultural machinery, its economics, the quality of the work performed, etc. His wide-ranging interests soon led him to extend his research to include all branches of rural engineering: construction, drainage, irrigation, electrification, hydraulics.該設施是在巴黎和林格曼在詹納街成立被任命為主任。 [4]他適應工業(yè)儀器在可能的情況下，但他還設計和建造，如牽引測功機，旋轉式測功機，profilographs等樂器，他的目的是確定農業(yè)機械，其經(jīng)濟，執(zhí)行工作的質量，效率，等他廣泛的利益，盡快使他延長他的研究，包括所有農村工程建設，排澇，灌溉，電氣化，液壓分行。

In 1887, Ringelmann was elected to the Académie d'Agriculture, and in the same year, he became professor of mechanics and rural engineering at the école Nationale d'Agriculture in Grignon.在1887年，林格曼當選的Académie的農業(yè)，并在同一年，他成為教授在écoleNATIONALE D'農業(yè)Grignon力學和農村工程。 In 1897, he succeeded his former professor Hervé Mangon as professor of rural engineering at the Institute National Agronomique.在1897年，他成功了他的前任教授埃爾韋Mangon農村工程國家農藝研究所教授。 He became in 1902 professor of colonial rural engineering at the école Nationale Supérieure d'Agriculture Coloniale in Nogent-sur-Marne. [ 5 ]他成為了殖民地鄉(xiāng)村工程于1902年在馬恩河畔諾讓學校國立高等D'農業(yè)Coloniale教授。 [5]

In 1897 he developed a simple set of grids for measuring the density of smoke, the Ringelmann scale . 1897年，他林格曼煙，密度測量開發(fā)一套簡單的電網(wǎng)規(guī)模 。 These grids are still used today [ 6 ] .這些網(wǎng)格今天仍在使用[6] 。 During 1900-1905, he wrote a monumental, four-volume study Essai sur l'Histoire du Génie Rural (Essay on the History of Rural Engineering), which traced the progress of rural engineering from pre-history to the modern age.在1900至05年期間，他寫了一個巨大的，四卷的研究Essai SUR L'Histoire杜GENIE農村 （農村工程的歷史散文），追溯到從史前到現(xiàn)代的農村工程的進度。

Ringelmann is especially notable for discovering the Ringelmann effect in 1913 [ 7 ] , also known as social loafing . [ 8 ] Specifically, Ringelmann had his students, individually and in groups, pull on a rope.林格曼于1913年發(fā)現(xiàn)的林格曼效應非常顯著[7] ，又稱“ 社會閑散 “。 [8]具體來說，林格曼了他的學生，個別及團體，拉一根繩子上。 He noticed that the effort exerted by a group was less than the sum of the efforts exerted by the students acting individually. [ 9 ]他注意到，由一組施加的努力是小于由學生單獨行動所作的努力的總和。